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Bible School · Old Testament survey · Class 31 of 68

Elijah on Carmel and at Horeb: the LORD, he is God

1 Kings 18–19 · about 26 minutes · Elijah on Carmel and Horeb

By the end of this class you should be able to

  • Explain the setting of the contest on Mount Carmel: the reign of Ahab and Jezebel, the drought and the worship of Baal.
  • Describe the structure of the contest in 1 Kings 18 and what Elijah's actions (the twelve stones, the water, the single prayer) are meant to show.
  • Explain why Elijah flees in chapter 19 and how God responds to him with food, rest, a question and a quiet voice.
  • Identify the three commissions given to Elijah and the meaning of the seven thousand.
  • Trace how the New Testament uses Elijah in relation to John the Baptist, Jesus and the remnant.

Read the passage

18After a long time, in the third year of the drought, the word of the LORD came to Elijah: “Go and present yourself to Ahab, and I will send rain upon the face of the earth.” 2So Elijah went to present himself to Ahab. The famine was severe in Samaria, 3and Ahab summoned Obadiah, who was in charge of the palace. (Now Obadiah greatly feared the LORD, 4for when Jezebel had slaughtered the prophets of the LORD, Obadiah had taken a hundred prophets and hidden them, fifty men per cave, providing them with food and water.) 5Then Ahab said to Obadiah, “Go throughout the land to every spring and every valley. Perhaps we will find grass to keep the horses and mules alive so that we will not have to destroy any livestock.” 6So they divided the land to explore. Ahab went one way by himself, and Obadiah went the other way by himself. 7Now as Obadiah went on his way, Elijah suddenly met him. When Obadiah recognized him, he fell facedown and said, “Is it you, my lord Elijah?” 8“It is I,” he answered. “Go tell your master, ‘Elijah is here!’” 9But Obadiah replied, “How have I sinned, that you are handing your servant over to Ahab to put me to death? 10As surely as the LORD your God lives, there is no nation or kingdom where my lord has not sent someone to search for you. When they said, ‘He is not here,’ he made that kingdom or nation swear that they had not found you. 11And now you say, ‘Go tell your master that Elijah is here!’ 12I do not know where the Spirit of the LORD may carry you off when I leave you. Then when I go and tell Ahab and he does not find you, he will kill me. But I, your servant, have feared the LORD from my youth. 13Was it not reported to my lord what I did when Jezebel slaughtered the prophets of the LORD? I hid a hundred prophets of the LORD, fifty men per cave, and I provided them with food and water. 14And now you say, ‘Go tell your lord that Elijah is here!’ He will kill me!” 15Then Elijah said, “As surely as the LORD of Hosts lives, before whom I stand, I will present myself to Ahab today.” 16So Obadiah went to inform Ahab, who went to meet Elijah. 17When Ahab saw Elijah, he said to him, “Is that you, O troubler of Israel?” 18“I have not troubled Israel,” Elijah replied, “but you and your father’s house have, for you have forsaken the commandments of the LORD and have followed the Baals. 19Now summon all Israel to meet me on Mount Carmel, along with the four hundred and fifty prophets of Baal and the four hundred prophets of Asherah who eat at Jezebel’s table.” 20So Ahab summoned all the Israelites and assembled the prophets on Mount Carmel. 21Then Elijah approached all the people and said, “How long will you waver between two opinions? If the LORD is God, follow Him. But if Baal is God, follow him.” But the people did not answer a word. 22Then Elijah said to the people, “I am the only remaining prophet of the LORD, but Baal has four hundred and fifty prophets. 23Get two bulls for us. Let the prophets of Baal choose one bull for themselves, cut it into pieces, and place it on the wood but not light the fire. And I will prepare the other bull and place it on the wood but not light the fire. 24Then you may call on the name of your god, and I will call on the name of the LORD. The God who answers by fire, He is God.” And all the people answered, “What you say is good.” 25Then Elijah said to the prophets of Baal, “Since you are so numerous, choose for yourselves one bull and prepare it first. Then call on the name of your god, but do not light the fire.” 26And they took the bull that was given them, prepared it, and called on the name of Baal from morning until noon, shouting, “O Baal, answer us!” But there was no sound, and no one answered as they leaped around the altar they had made. 27At noon Elijah began to taunt them, saying, “Shout louder, for he is a god! Perhaps he is deep in thought, or occupied, or on a journey. Perhaps he is sleeping and must be awakened!” 28So they shouted louder and cut themselves with knives and lances, as was their custom, until the blood gushed over them. 29Midday passed, and they kept on raving until the time of the evening sacrifice. But there was no response; no one answered, no one paid attention. 30Then Elijah said to all the people, “Come near to me.” So all the people approached him, and he repaired the altar of the LORD that had been torn down. 31And Elijah took twelve stones, one for each tribe of the sons of Jacob, to whom the word of the LORD had come and said, “Israel shall be your name.” 32And with the stones, Elijah built an altar in the name of the LORD. Then he dug a trench around the altar large enough to hold two seahs of seed. 33Next, he arranged the wood, cut up the bull, placed it on the wood, 34and said, “Fill four waterpots and pour the water on the offering and on the wood.” “Do it a second time,” he said, and they did it a second time. “Do it a third time,” he said, and they did it a third time. 35So the water ran down around the altar and even filled the trench. 36At the time of the evening sacrifice, Elijah the prophet approached the altar and said, “O LORD, God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, let it be known this day that You are God in Israel and that I am Your servant and have done all these things at Your command. 37Answer me, O LORD! Answer me, so that this people will know that You, the LORD, are God, and that You have turned their hearts back again.” 38Then the fire of the LORD fell and consumed the sacrifice, the wood, the stones, and the dust, and it licked up the water in the trench. 39When all the people saw this, they fell facedown and said, “The LORD, He is God! The LORD, He is God!” 40Then Elijah ordered them, “Seize the prophets of Baal! Do not let a single one escape.” So they seized them, and Elijah brought them down to the Kishon Valley and slaughtered them there. 41And Elijah said to Ahab, “Go up, eat and drink, for there is the sound of a heavy rain.” 42So Ahab went up to eat and drink. But Elijah climbed to the summit of Carmel, bent down on the ground, and put his face between his knees. 43“Go and look toward the sea,” he said to his servant. So the servant went and looked, and he said, “There is nothing there.” Seven times Elijah said, “Go back.” 44On the seventh time the servant reported, “There is a cloud as small as a man’s hand rising from the sea.” And Elijah replied, “Go and tell Ahab, ‘Prepare your chariot and go down before the rain stops you.’” 45Meanwhile, the sky grew dark with clouds and wind, and a heavy rain began to fall. So Ahab rode away and went to Jezreel. 46And the hand of the LORD came upon Elijah, and he tucked his cloak into his belt and ran ahead of Ahab all the way to Jezreel.

Open 1 Kings 18 in the reader (BSB)

19Now Ahab told Jezebel everything that Elijah had done and how he had killed all the prophets with the sword. 2So Jezebel sent a messenger to Elijah, saying, “May the gods deal with me, and ever so severely, if by this time tomorrow I do not make your life like the lives of those you killed!” 3And Elijah was afraid and ran for his life. When he came to Beersheba in Judah, he left his servant there, 4while he himself traveled on a day’s journey into the wilderness. He sat down under a broom tree and prayed that he might die. “I have had enough, LORD,” he said. “Take my life, for I am no better than my fathers.” 5Then he lay down under the broom tree and fell asleep. Suddenly an angel touched him and said, “Get up and eat.” 6And he looked around, and there by his head was a cake of bread baked over hot coals, and a jar of water. So he ate and drank and lay down again. 7A second time the angel of the LORD returned and touched him, saying, “Get up and eat, or the journey will be too much for you.” 8So he got up and ate and drank. And strengthened by that food, he walked forty days and forty nights until he reached Horeb, the mountain of God. 9There Elijah entered a cave and spent the night. And the word of the LORD came to him, saying, “What are you doing here, Elijah?” 10“I have been very zealous for the LORD, the God of Hosts,” he replied, “but the Israelites have forsaken Your covenant, torn down Your altars, and killed Your prophets with the sword. I am the only one left, and they are seeking my life as well.” 11Then the LORD said, “Go out and stand on the mountain before the LORD. Behold, the LORD is about to pass by.” And a great and mighty wind tore into the mountains and shattered the rocks before the LORD, but the LORD was not in the wind. After the wind there was an earthquake, but the LORD was not in the earthquake. 12After the earthquake there was a fire, but the LORD was not in the fire. And after the fire came a still, small voice. 13When Elijah heard it, he wrapped his face in his cloak and went out and stood at the mouth of the cave. Suddenly a voice came to him and said, “What are you doing here, Elijah?” 14“I have been very zealous for the LORD, the God of Hosts,” he replied, “but the Israelites have forsaken Your covenant, torn down Your altars, and killed Your prophets with the sword. I am the only one left, and they are seeking my life as well.” 15Then the LORD said to him, “Go back by the way you came, and go to the Desert of Damascus. When you arrive, you are to anoint Hazael as king over Aram. 16You are also to anoint Jehu son of Nimshi as king over Israel and Elisha son of Shaphat from Abel-meholah to succeed you as prophet. 17Then Jehu will put to death whoever escapes the sword of Hazael, and Elisha will put to death whoever escapes the sword of Jehu. 18Nevertheless, I have reserved seven thousand in Israel—all whose knees have not bowed to Baal and whose mouths have not kissed him.” 19So Elijah departed and found Elisha son of Shaphat. He was plowing with twelve teams of oxen, and he was with the twelfth team. Elijah passed by him and threw his cloak around him. 20So Elisha left the oxen, ran after Elijah, and said, “Please let me kiss my father and mother goodbye, and then I will follow you.” “Go on back,” Elijah replied, “for what have I done to you?” 21So Elisha turned back from him, took his pair of oxen, and slaughtered them. With the oxen’s equipment, he cooked the meat and gave it to the people, and they ate. Then he set out to follow and serve Elijah.

Open 1 Kings 19 in the reader (BSB)

01Background

Elijah appears suddenly in , with no genealogy, as 'the Tishbite' from Gilead east of the Jordan. His name means 'My God is the LORD' (Yahweh), which states the issue of the whole story. The books of Kings are anonymous. Jewish tradition (Bava Batra 15a) names Jeremiah, and most scholars see them as the final part of the Deuteronomistic History, in its final form after about 561 BC.

Elijah's ministry fell in the northern kingdom of Israel during the reign of Ahab, son of Omri, which is usually dated to about 874 to 853 BC. Ahab married Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal, king of the Sidonians (), and he built a temple and altar to Baal in Samaria. Baal, whose name means lord or master, was the Canaanite and Phoenician god of storm and fertility, the rider of the clouds who was thought to bring rain and crops. Jezebel supported his prophets and killed the prophets of the LORD (, 13). Israel was not simply abandoning the LORD for another god. Many were trying to hold both. The prophet's task was to force a choice.

The immediate occasion is a drought, announced by Elijah in , which by the third year () has brought famine. In a land that depended on rain, the drought was a test of whether the LORD or Baal governed the weather. The first hearers, in the northern kingdom or later in exile, were being asked the same question the chapter puts: who is God? The covenant curses of and 28:23-24 already spoke of heaven shut up for idolatry.

02Outline

  1. Elijah, Obadiah and Ahab; the call to meet on Mount Carmel
  2. The challenge: how long will you waver? The prophets of Baal call all day
  3. Elijah repairs the altar, prays, and the fire falls
  4. The prayer for rain and the race to Jezreel
  5. Jezebel's threat; Elijah flees and is fed by an angel
  6. At Horeb: What are you doing here, Elijah?
  7. The commissions and the seven thousand
  8. Elisha called from the plow

03How to read it

These chapters are prophetic narrative, a kind of Hebrew story in which the prophet's words and deeds carry the message. They are not a set of general lessons on courage or burnout. Each scene has a place in a larger argument about who is God in Israel. gives the public answer on Carmel. gives the private answer at Horeb, where Elijah, who has won the public contest, learns the limits of his own sense of being alone. The two chapters are meant to be read together, and the flight in follows the triumph of deliberately.

Three principles help.

  • First, notice the echoes of Moses. Carmel and Horeb recall the signs of Exodus and the covenant at Sinai. Elijah is presented as a prophet like Moses, who calls Israel back to the covenant.
  • Second, read the contest as a test with a stated rule. The question is posed in terms that Baal's own supposed powers could meet: fire from heaven, since Baal was the storm god. The failure of Baal on his own ground is the point.
  • Third, do not treat as a rebuke of Elijah's feelings. The text records his despair and God's tender care before giving him new work. The narrative describes how God deals with a servant who is exhausted and afraid, and it does not offer a technique.

04What the text says

Chapter 18:1–19

In the third year, the LORD tells Elijah to show himself to Ahab, for he will send rain. The king and his steward Obadiah are searching the land for grass for the horses and mules. Obadiah is described as one who greatly feared the LORD, and he had hidden a hundred of the LORD's prophets, fifty to a cave, and fed them with bread and water during Jezebel's killing. Elijah promises to appear. When Ahab calls him the troubler of Israel, Elijah turns it back: the troubler is Ahab, who has forsaken the commandments and followed the Baals. He tells Ahab to gather all Israel to Mount Carmel with 450 prophets of Baal and 400 prophets of Asherah, who eat at Jezebel's table.

Chapter 18:20–29

Ahab gathers the people. Elijah asks how long they will limp between two opinions: if the LORD is God, follow him, and if Baal, follow him. The people answer nothing. Elijah is the only prophet of the LORD left, as he says, against 450 prophets of Baal. The test is set. Each side will prepare a bull on wood but put no fire to it, and the god who answers by fire is God. The people agree. The prophets of Baal call on his name from morning till noon, leap about the altar, and Elijah mocks them: cry louder, for he is a god; either he is musing, or relieving himself, or on a journey, or perhaps he is asleep and must be awakened. They cry louder and cut themselves with swords and lances, as was their custom, until blood flows. They rave until the time of the evening offering, but there is no voice, no answer, and no one paying attention.

Chapter 18:30–40

Elijah calls the people near and repairs the altar of the LORD that had been thrown down. He takes twelve stones, according to the number of the tribes of the sons of Jacob, to whom the word of the LORD had come saying that Israel shall be your name. The act declares that the covenant people are still twelve tribes, though the kingdom is divided. He digs a trench, arranges the wood and the bull, and has four jars of water poured over the offering three times, until the water runs around the altar and fills the trench. At the time of the evening offering he prays briefly. He asks that it be known that the LORD is God in Israel, that Elijah is his servant, and that the LORD has turned their hearts back. Fire of the LORD falls and consumes the offering, the wood, the stones and the dust, and licks up the water. The people fall on their faces and say, 'The LORD, He is God!' Hebrew has a pun on Elijah's name: Yahweh hu ha-Elohim. Elijah has the prophets of Baal seized and killed at the brook Kishon, in obedience to and .

Chapter 18:41–46

Elijah tells Ahab to eat and drink, for there is the sound of a rushing rain. He goes to the top of Carmel and crouches with his face between his knees. Seven times he sends his servant to look toward the sea. On the seventh a cloud as small as a man's hand rises, and Elijah tells Ahab to go down before the rain stops him. The rain comes, and the hand of the LORD is on Elijah as he runs ahead of Ahab to Jezreel.

Chapter 19:1–8

Ahab tells Jezebel everything. She sends a messenger with an oath: the gods do the same to her if by this time tomorrow Elijah is not like one of the slain. He is afraid and runs for his life to Beersheba, and goes on a day's journey into the wilderness. Under a broom tree he asks to die: it is enough, take my life, for I am no better than my fathers. He sleeps. An angel touches him and tells him to eat, and he finds a cake baked on coals and a jar of water. This happens twice, and he goes in the strength of that food forty days and forty nights to Horeb, the mount of God.

Chapter 19:9–14

In a cave he is asked, 'What are you doing here, Elijah?' He answers that he has been very jealous for the LORD, the people have forsaken the covenant, torn down the altars and killed the prophets, and he alone is left. The LORD tells him to stand on the mountain, for the LORD is about to pass by. A great wind splits the rocks, but the LORD is not in the wind. An earthquake follows, and then fire. The LORD is not in these. After the fire comes a sound of gentle stillness, which older translations render a still small voice. Elijah wraps his face in his cloak and stands at the cave. The same question comes, and he gives the same answer.

Chapter 19:15–21

The LORD does not argue. He gives Elijah work: anoint Hazael king over Aram, Jehu king over Israel, and Elisha prophet in his place. Then the correction: God has left seven thousand in Israel, all the knees that have not bowed to Baal, and every mouth that has not kissed him. Elijah finds Elisha plowing with twelve yoke of oxen and throws his cloak over him. Elisha asks to kiss his father and mother, then slaughters the oxen, boils their flesh using the plow equipment as fuel, and follows Elijah as his servant.

05Key terms

waver, limp pasach
To hop or limp, as on uneven ground. Elijah uses it of Israel hobbling between two opinions (). The same verb names the dance the prophets of Baal perform at their altar.
The LORD, He is God YHWH hu ha-Elohim
The people's cry (). It repeats the sense of Elijah's name, 'My God is the LORD,' and echoes the confession of .
zealous, jealous qanna
To be jealous, with a passion for what is rightly one's own. Elijah says he has been very jealous for the LORD (, 14). God is also called jealous in .
sound of gentle stillness qol demamah daqqah
A voice of thin silence or hushed whisper. The phrase is hard to translate, and the older English rendering is 'still small voice.'
remnant, seven thousand sha'ar
The verb 'to remain' or 'to leave over.' In 19:18 the LORD says he leaves seven thousand in Israel who have not bowed to Baal. The number may suggest completeness.

06In the whole Bible

The first teaching is the exclusive claim of the LORD. The question on Carmel is not which god is more useful, but who is God. The same claim runs from the first commandment () through Deuteronomy's confession that the LORD is God and there is no other () to Isaiah's argument against idols.

The second teaching is that the LORD is the God of the whole covenant, not just a mountain or a sanctuary. The twelve stones and the repaired altar affirm that all twelve tribes remain his, even in the divided kingdom. The prayer asks God to turn the hearts of the people back, which stresses that repentance is God's work as well as the people's.

The third teaching is God's way with the discouraged servant. He feeds and rests Elijah before speaking. He asks a question, gives a vision, and then gives work and a successor. He corrects the claim of being alone with the fact of seven thousand. The doctrine of the remnant, God keeping a faithful people in times of apostasy, is clearly seen here. Isaiah later picks it up (), and Paul applies it to his own day in .

07Where Christ is

The strongest link is between Elijah and John the Baptist. promises that Elijah will come before the great and awesome day of the LORD to turn the hearts of fathers to children and children to fathers. In , the angel tells Zechariah that John will go before the Lord in the spirit and power of Elijah to turn hearts. Jesus says in that John is the Elijah who is to come, and in he says again that Elijah has come. This is promise and fulfillment, and the one who prepares the way is for the one who comes after him. Elijah appears with Moses on the mount of transfiguration, speaking with Jesus about his departure ().

Paul's use of is explicit. In he recalls Elijah's complaint and God's reply about the seven thousand, and says that in the present time too there is a remnant chosen by grace. The remnant is the people who gather around Christ.

There are further echoes, which the New Testament does not state outright and which should be held with care. Elijah is sustained for forty days in the wilderness by food given by an angel, and Jesus fasts forty days and is then ministered to by angels (, ). Elisha's request to say goodbye to his parents before he follows is a background to Jesus' words to a would-be follower about putting a hand to the plow and looking back ().

08How traditions read it

Christians and Jews read the promise of Elijah's return () differently. In Jewish practice Elijah is expected to come before the Messiah, and at Passover a cup is poured for him. Most Christian interpreters hold that John the Baptist fulfilled the promise (), while some, especially among premillennial readers, also expect an Elijah-like witness before the end and point to the two witnesses of . This class holds to the New Testament's own identification of John.

09Review questions

  1. Why does Elijah ask the people how long they will waver between two opinions, and what is the rule of the contest on Carmel?
  2. What do the twelve stones, the water and the single prayer tell us about Elijah's understanding of the covenant and of who acts?
  3. Why does Elijah flee after Carmel, and how does God respond to him in ?
  4. What are the three commissions in , and what is the point of the seven thousand?
  5. How do , and each use the Elijah narrative?

Prepared with AI assistance. A scholar's review is still to come; if you spot anything to correct, please tell us.

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Places

SamariaMount CarmelKishonBeershebaMount HorebDamascusSyria
Dashed outline: region boundary as scholars identify it. Locations are best identifications, not certainties.Geocoding: OpenBible.info (CC BY 4.0) · Map: Natural Earth

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