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Bible School · Old Testament survey · Class 30 of 68

The temple dedicated: the glory fills the house and Solomon prays

1 Kings 8 · about 26 minutes · The temple dedicated

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8At that time Solomon assembled before him in Jerusalem the elders of Israel—all the tribal heads and family leaders of the Israelites—to bring up the ark of the covenant of the LORD from Zion, the City of David. 2And all the men of Israel came together to King Solomon at the feast in the seventh month, the month of Ethanim. 3When all the elders of Israel had arrived, the priests took up the ark, 4and they brought up the ark of the LORD and the Tent of Meeting with all its sacred furnishings. So the priests and Levites carried them up. 5There, before the ark, King Solomon and the whole congregation of Israel who had assembled with him sacrificed so many sheep and oxen that they could not be counted or numbered. 6Then the priests brought the ark of the covenant of the LORD to its place in the inner sanctuary of the temple, the Most Holy Place, beneath the wings of the cherubim. 7For the cherubim spread their wings over the place of the ark and overshadowed the ark and its poles. 8The poles extended far enough that their ends were visible from the Holy Place in front of the inner sanctuary, but not from outside the Holy Place; and they are there to this day. 9There was nothing in the ark except the two stone tablets that Moses had placed in it at Horeb, where the LORD had made a covenant with the Israelites after they had come out of the land of Egypt. 10And when the priests came out of the Holy Place, the cloud filled the house of the LORD 11so that the priests could not stand there to minister because of the cloud; for the glory of the LORD filled the house of the LORD. 12Then Solomon declared: “The LORD has said that He would dwell in the thick cloud. 13I have indeed built You an exalted house, a place for You to dwell forever.” 14And as the whole assembly of Israel stood there, the king turned around and blessed them all 15and said: “Blessed be the LORD, the God of Israel, who has fulfilled with His own hand what He spoke with His mouth to my father David, saying, 16‘Since the day I brought My people Israel out of Egypt, I have not chosen a city from any tribe of Israel in which to build a house so that My Name would be there. But I have chosen David to be over My people Israel.’ 17Now it was in the heart of my father David to build a house for the Name of the LORD, the God of Israel. 18But the LORD said to my father David, ‘Since it was in your heart to build a house for My Name, you have done well to have this in your heart. 19Nevertheless, you are not the one to build it; but your son, your own offspring, will build the house for My Name.’ 20Now the LORD has fulfilled the word that He spoke. I have succeeded my father David, and I sit on the throne of Israel, as the LORD promised. I have built the house for the Name of the LORD, the God of Israel. 21And there I have provided a place for the ark, which contains the covenant of the LORD that He made with our fathers when He brought them out of the land of Egypt.” 22Then Solomon stood before the altar of the LORD in front of the whole assembly of Israel, spread out his hands toward heaven, 23and said: “O LORD, God of Israel, there is no God like You in heaven above or on earth below, keeping Your covenant of loving devotion with Your servants who walk before You with all their hearts. 24You have kept Your promise to Your servant, my father David. What You spoke with Your mouth You have fulfilled with Your hand this day. 25Therefore now, O LORD, God of Israel, keep for Your servant, my father David, what You promised when You said: ‘You will never fail to have a man to sit before Me on the throne of Israel, if only your descendants guard their way to walk before Me as you have done.’ 26And now, O God of Israel, please confirm what You promised to Your servant, my father David. 27But will God indeed dwell upon the earth? Even heaven, the highest heaven, cannot contain You, much less this temple I have built. 28Yet regard the prayer and plea of Your servant, O LORD my God, so that You may hear the cry and the prayer that Your servant is praying before You today. 29May Your eyes be open toward this temple night and day, toward the place of which You said, ‘My Name shall be there,’ so that You may hear the prayer that Your servant prays toward this place. 30Hear the plea of Your servant and of Your people Israel when they pray toward this place. May You hear from heaven, Your dwelling place. May You hear and forgive. 31When a man sins against his neighbor and is required to take an oath, and he comes to take an oath before Your altar in this temple, 32then may You hear from heaven and act. May You judge Your servants, condemning the wicked man by bringing down on his own head what he has done, and justifying the righteous man by rewarding him according to his righteousness. 33When Your people Israel are defeated before an enemy because they have sinned against You, and they return to You and confess Your name, praying and pleading with You in this temple, 34then may You hear from heaven and forgive the sin of Your people Israel. May You restore them to the land You gave to their fathers. 35When the skies are shut and there is no rain because Your people have sinned against You, and they pray toward this place and confess Your name, and they turn from their sins because You have afflicted them, 36then may You hear from heaven and forgive the sin of Your servants, Your people Israel, so that You may teach them the good way in which they should walk. May You send rain on the land that You gave Your people as an inheritance. 37When famine or plague comes upon the land, or blight or mildew or locusts or grasshoppers, or when their enemy besieges them in their cities, whatever plague or sickness may come, 38then may whatever prayer or petition Your people Israel make—each knowing his own afflictions and spreading out his hands toward this temple— 39be heard by You from heaven, Your dwelling place. And may You forgive and act, and repay each man according to all his ways, since You know his heart—for You alone know the hearts of all men— 40so that they may fear You all the days they live in the land that You gave to our fathers. 41And as for the foreigner who is not of Your people Israel but has come from a distant land because of Your name— 42for they will hear of Your great name and mighty hand and outstretched arm—when he comes and prays toward this temple, 43then may You hear from heaven, Your dwelling place, and do according to all for which the foreigner calls to You. Then all the peoples of the earth will know Your name and fear You, as do Your people Israel, and they will know that this house I have built is called by Your Name. 44When Your people go to war against their enemies, wherever You send them, and when they pray to the LORD in the direction of the city You have chosen and the house I have built for Your Name, 45then may You hear from heaven their prayer and their plea, and may You uphold their cause. 46When they sin against You—for there is no one who does not sin—and You become angry with them and deliver them to an enemy who takes them as captives to his own land, whether far or near, 47and when they come to their senses in the land to which they were taken, and they repent and plead with You in the land of their captors, saying, ‘We have sinned and done wrong; we have acted wickedly,’ 48and when they return to You with all their heart and soul in the land of the enemies who took them captive, and when they pray to You in the direction of the land that You gave to their fathers, the city You have chosen, and the house I have built for Your Name, 49then may You hear from heaven, Your dwelling place, their prayer and petition, and may You uphold their cause. 50May You forgive Your people who have sinned against You and all the transgressions they have committed against You, and may You grant them compassion in the eyes of their captors to show them mercy. 51For they are Your people and Your inheritance; You brought them out of Egypt, out of the furnace for iron. 52May Your eyes be open to the pleas of Your servant and of Your people Israel, and may You listen to them whenever they call to You. 53For You, O Lord GOD, as Your inheritance, have set them apart from all the peoples of the earth, as You spoke through Your servant Moses when You brought our fathers out of Egypt.” 54Now when Solomon had finished praying this entire prayer and petition to the LORD, he got up before the altar of the LORD, where he had been kneeling with his hands spread out toward heaven. 55And he stood and blessed the whole assembly of Israel in a loud voice, saying: 56“Blessed be the LORD, who has given rest to His people Israel according to all that He promised. Not one word has failed of all the good promises He made through His servant Moses. 57May the LORD our God be with us, as He was with our fathers. May He never leave us nor forsake us. 58May He incline our hearts to Himself, to walk in all His ways and to keep the commandments and statutes and ordinances He commanded our fathers. 59And may these words with which I have made my petition before the LORD be near to the LORD our God day and night, so that He may uphold the cause of His servant and of His people Israel as each day requires, 60so that all the peoples of the earth may know that the LORD is God. There is no other! 61So let your heart be fully devoted to the LORD our God, as it is this day, to walk in His statutes and to keep His commandments.” 62Then the king and all Israel with him offered sacrifices before the LORD. 63And Solomon offered as peace offerings to the LORD 22,000 oxen and 120,000 sheep. So the king and all the Israelites dedicated the house of the LORD. 64On that same day the king consecrated the middle of the courtyard in front of the house of the LORD, and there he offered the burnt offerings, the grain offerings, and the fat of the peace offerings, since the bronze altar before the LORD was too small to contain all these offerings. 65So at that time Solomon and all Israel with him—a great assembly of people from Lebo-hamath to the Brook of Egypt—kept the feast before the LORD our God for seven days and seven more days—fourteen days in all. 66On the fifteenth day Solomon sent the people away. So they blessed the king and went home, joyful and glad in heart for all the good things that the LORD had done for His servant David and for His people Israel.

Open 1 Kings 8 in the reader (BSB)

01Background

First Kings 8 is the center of the account of Solomon's reign and one of the longest chapters in the books of Kings. The books are anonymous, and most scholars treat them as the final part of the Deuteronomistic History, completed during the exile, after the release of Jehoiachin in about 561 BC (). Jewish tradition (Bava Batra 15a) names Jeremiah. A parallel account appears in . It has some differences, among them the fire from heaven that consumes the sacrifices in .

The temple was begun in Solomon's fourth year, which places 480 years after the Exodus, and finished in his eleventh year (), after seven years of building. Taken as a straight count, the building began about 966 BC, though many scholars read the 480 years as a schematic figure and date the temple only to the middle of the tenth century BC. The dedication took place in the seventh month, at the feast (), which is the Feast of Tabernacles.

The temple replaced the tent that had housed the ark since Sinai. David had wished to build it, and God had told him through Nathan that his son would do so (). The first readers of Kings, however, were probably in exile after this very building was destroyed in 586 BC. For them the chapter did two things: it recorded the high point of Israel's worship and it gave them words of prayer, since Solomon's prayer expects exile and anticipates the people turning toward the house from a foreign land.

02Outline

  1. The ark is brought into the temple and the glory-cloud fills the house
  2. Solomon blesses the assembly and recalls the promise to David
  3. Opening of the prayer: the covenant God, the promise, and the God heaven cannot contain
  4. Seven occasions for prayer toward this house, ending with exile
  5. Closing appeal to the God of the Exodus
  6. Solomon blesses Israel and charges them to be wholly true to the LORD
  7. Sacrifices and the fourteen-day feast

03How to read it

This chapter combines narrative, speech and prayer. The narrative frames the chapter, with the ark procession and the cloud at the start and the sacrifices and the feast at the end. The center is Solomon's prayer, which is a long, structured petition and one of the great prayers of the Old Testament.

Several principles are useful.

  • First, the prayer is built around a pattern. A situation of need is described, the people turn toward the house and pray, and the king asks God to hear in heaven, forgive and act. The phrase 'hear in heaven' recurs, and it keeps the chapter from making the temple a box for God. The house is a place toward which people pray, and heaven is where God hears.
  • Second, this is the theology of the Name found in Deuteronomy: God dwells in heaven, and his Name dwells in the place he chooses (, ). Solomon says he has built a house for the Name of the LORD, not for the LORD himself.
  • Third, the prayer is shaped by the covenant curses of and , where defeat, drought, famine, plague and exile follow disobedience, and repentance brings restoration. Scholars debate whether the references to exile () are Solomon's own foresight or a later expansion from the exile.

04What the text says

Verses 1–13

Solomon assembles the elders and heads of the tribes in Jerusalem to bring the ark of the covenant up from the City of David, which is Zion. The occasion is the feast in the month of Ethanim, the seventh month. The priests carry the ark, together with the tent of meeting and its holy vessels, and the sacrifices are too many to be counted. The priests place the ark in the inner sanctuary, the Most Holy Place, under the wings of the cherubim. The poles are so long that their ends can be seen from the Holy Place but not from outside. The writer adds a surprising note: there was nothing in the ark except the two stone tablets Moses placed there at Horeb. describes the ark as holding a jar of manna and Aaron's rod as well, but says only the tablets were in it by now. The point is that the ark holds the covenant, the words of the LORD.

When the priests come out, the cloud fills the house of the LORD, so that the priests cannot stand to minister because of the cloud, for the glory of the LORD filled the house. The same thing happened when the tent was completed in , and then Moses could not enter. The cloud is the visible sign that the LORD has taken up his dwelling.

Verses 14–21

The king turns and blesses the assembly. He recounts that David had it in his heart to build a house for the Name of the LORD, and that the LORD said it was well that it was in his heart, but his son would build it. Solomon says that the LORD has now fulfilled his word. He has built the house and has set a place for the ark, in which is the covenant of the LORD.

Verses 22–30

Solomon stands before the altar, spreads his hands toward heaven and prays. He says that there is no God like the LORD in heaven or on earth, one who keeps covenant and steadfast love with his servants who walk before him with all their heart. He asks the LORD to keep his promise to David, that his sons will walk before him. Then comes the central theological question: will God indeed dwell on the earth? The heavens, even the highest heaven, cannot contain him, much less this house. Yet Solomon asks that God's eyes may be open night and day toward this house, of which he said his Name shall be there, and that he will hear the prayer offered toward this place.

Verses 31–51

Seven situations follow.

  • The first is a person accused of wrong against a neighbor and brought to swear an oath before the altar.
  • The second is Israel defeated by an enemy because of sin.
  • The third is a drought, the fourth famine, plague or disease, and the fifth is the foreigner who comes from a far country for the sake of God's name. Solomon asks that God answer him, so that all the peoples of the earth may know his name and fear him.
  • The sixth is war on a campaign. The seventh is exile. Solomon says there is no one who does not sin, and when God gives them up to an enemy and they are carried captive, if they repent in the land of their captors and pray toward the land, the city and the house, he asks God to hear, forgive and grant them compassion in the sight of their captors. The prayer insists that the exiles are God's people and inheritance whom he brought out of Egypt, out of the iron furnace.

Verses 52–61

Solomon asks again that God's eyes be open to the supplication of his people, and then he rises and blesses the whole assembly. He praises the LORD who has given rest to his people, as he promised, so that not one word of all his good promise through Moses has failed. He asks that the LORD be with them as he was with their fathers, and that their hearts be wholly true to the LORD their God, to walk in his statutes. His aim is that all the peoples of the earth may know that the LORD is God and there is no other.

Verses 62–66

The king and all Israel offer sacrifices before the LORD: twenty-two thousand oxen and a hundred and twenty thousand sheep. Solomon holds the feast for seven days and another seven, fourteen days in all, and on the eighth day he sends the people away. They bless the king and go home joyful and glad of heart for all the goodness the LORD had shown to David his servant and to Israel his people.

05Key terms

glory kavod
Literally weight or heaviness, and so honor and visible splendor. The kavod of the LORD fills the house in a cloud (), as it did the tent in .
Name shem
In Deuteronomic theology the Name stands for God's presence and authority. God's Name dwells in the house, while God himself is in heaven.
covenant berit
A binding relationship made by oath. The ark holds the tablets of the covenant (), and God keeps covenant and loving devotion ().
supplication techinnah
A prayer for favor or mercy. Solomon asks God to hear every supplication made toward the house (, , , , , ).
to dwell yashav or shakan
To sit, to settle, to tabernacle. Both verbs appear in the chapter, and the second is related to the later Jewish word Shekinah for God's dwelling presence.
to be wholly true shalem
Complete, undivided, at peace. Solomon asks that Israel's heart be whole toward the LORD (), which his own later life will fail to show.

06In the whole Bible

The first teaching of the chapter is that God can be present with his people without being contained by them. Solomon asks whether God will dwell on earth when the highest heaven cannot contain him. That question is not answered by a denial. It is answered by the doctrine of the Name and the cloud, which says God has chosen to be present for the sake of his people while remaining the Lord of heaven. The Bible holds both together from Exodus to Revelation.

The second teaching is that the temple is a house of prayer and forgiveness. Most of Solomon's long prayer is about sin and its remedy. Of the seven situations, nearly all are consequences of disobedience, and the answer in each case is that God hears in heaven and forgives.

  • The third teaching is that the temple is for the nations. The foreigner in comes because of God's name, and Solomon asks that God answer him so that all the peoples of the earth may know his name. This echoes the promise to Abraham in and is taken up by , which calls the house a house of prayer for all peoples.
  • The fourth is the reality of exile. The prayer expects that the people will fail and expects God to hear even in a foreign land. The chapter that celebrates the temple also prepares for its loss. In God warns that if Israel turns away, the house itself will become a heap of ruins ().

07Where Christ is

The temple is a place of fulfillment, and the New Testament says so in several ways. John says that the Word became flesh and 'dwelt among us,' and 'we have seen His glory' (). The word for dwelt means tabernacled, and the glory is the kavod that filled the house. In , Jesus speaks of destroying this temple and raising it in three days, and the writer says he spoke of the temple of his body. In he says that something greater than the temple is here. Paul says that in Christ all the fullness of deity dwells bodily ().

The New Testament then widens the temple to Christ's people. The church is a holy temple in the Lord, built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets with Christ Jesus himself as the cornerstone (), and believers are God's temple because his Spirit dwells in them (). At the end of the Bible there is no temple in the new Jerusalem, because the Lord God the Almighty and the Lamb are its temple ().

Solomon, the son of David who builds the house and stands between God and the people, is a type of the greater Son of David who is both priest and king. His admission that heaven cannot contain God is echoed in Stephen's speech, where Stephen says that Solomon built the house but the Most High does not dwell in houses made by hands (). The foreigner's prayer is taken up when Jesus cleansed the temple, quoting , that his house shall be called a house of prayer for all nations (). The tearing of the temple veil at the moment of Jesus' death () shows that access to God is now through him.

08How traditions read it

All Christian traditions read the New Testament as teaching that Christ fulfills the temple, and they differ on what follows for the church's buildings and worship. Many Catholic and Orthodox Christians hold that consecrated churches and the altar carry forward something of the temple's pattern, in which God is present in a particular way in worship. Many Protestants, especially in the Reformed and Baptist traditions, stress Stephen's statement in and the New Testament's identification of the church itself as the temple, and so teach that no building has this status.

09Review questions

  1. What was in the ark according to , and what is the significance of the cloud that fills the house in ?
  2. How does Solomon's question in balance the nearness of God and his greatness?
  3. What are the occasions for prayer in , and why does the prayer for the foreigner matter in the larger story?
  4. Why does the prayer expect exile, and how does it describe the way back?
  5. How do , and each use the temple in speaking of Christ?

Prepared with AI assistance. A scholar's review is still to come; if you spot anything to correct, please tell us.

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Places

City of DavidJerusalemZionEgyptMount HorebBrook of EgyptLebo-hamath
Dashed outline: region boundary as scholars identify it. Locations are best identifications, not certainties.Geocoding: OpenBible.info (CC BY 4.0) · Map: Natural Earth

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